Influence of treatment access on survival of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in brazilian cancer center

ABSTRACT Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immunotherapy improved survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Disparities in treatment access are present in healthcare systems globally. The aim of this study was to analyze survival outcomes of mRCC patients treated with first-line TKIs in the public (PHS) and private (PrS) health system in a Brazilian Cancer Center. Materials and Methods: Records from all mRCC patients treated with first-line TKIs from 2007-2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Categorial variables were compared by Fisher's exact test. Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Maier method and survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. Prognostic factors were adjusted by Cox regression model. Results: Of the 171 eligible patients, 37 (21.6%) were PHS patients and 134 (78.4%) were PrS patients. There were no difference in age, gender, or sites of metastasis. PHS patients had worse performance status (ECOG ≥2, 35.1% vs. 13.5%, p=0.007), poorer risk score (IMDC poor risk, 32.4% vs. 16.4%, p=0.09), and less nephrectomies (73% vs. 92.5%, p=0.003) than PrS patients. Median lines of therapy was one for PHS versus two for PrS patients (p=0.03). Median overall survival (OS) was 16.5 versus 26.5 months (p=0.002) and progression-free survival (PFS), 8.4 versus 11 months (p=0.01) for PHS and PrS patients, respectively. After adjusting for known prognostic factors on multivariate analysis, PHS patients still had a higher risk of death (HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.01-2.56, p=0.047). Conclusion: Patients with mRCC treated via the PHS had worse overall survival, possibly due to poorer prognosis at presentation and less drug access.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma in li-fraumeni syndrome: case-based literature review / Linfoma anaplásico de grandes células associado a implante na síndrome de Li-Fraumeni: relato de caso baseado em revisão de literatura

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare disease related to chronic seroma around breast implants. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma has been recently recognized by the World Health Organization as a type of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast. The main features comprise chronic seroma which develops a year posterior to breast surgery, with symptoms such as breast pain, swelling, skin hyperemia and a nodule or mass of the breast. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is associated with germline TP53 mutation and enhances the risks of developing many types of cancers, including breast and hematologic malignancies. We report a case of a 56-year-old female with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome and a history of breast cancer who underwent a mastectomy to treat breast cancer and prophylactic contralateral nipple-sparing mastectomy followed by bilateral breast implant reconstruction with textured silicone implants. This patient developed Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma seven years later. A literature review on multidisciplinary approach to this condition was performed.

O linfoma anaplásico de células grandes associado ao implante mamário é uma doença rara relacionada ao seroma crônico em torno dos implantes mamários. O linfoma anaplásico de células grandes associado ao implante foi recentemente reconhecido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como um tipo de linfoma não-Hodgkin de células T da mama. As principais características incluem o seroma crônico que se desenvolve um ano depois da cirurgia da mama, com sintomas como dor na mama, inchaço, hiperemia da pele e um nódulo ou massa da mama. A síndrome de Li-Fraumeni está associada à mutação da linha germinativa no TP53 e aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de muitos tipos de câncer, incluindo neoplasias mamárias e hematológicas. Relatamos um caso de uma mulher de 56 anos de idade com Síndrome de Li-Fraumeni e um histórico de câncer de mama submetido a uma mastectomia para tratar câncer de mama e mastectomia profilática contralateral poupadora de mamilo seguida de reconstrução bilateral de implantes mamários com implantes de silicone texturizados. Esta paciente desenvolveu linfoma anaplásico de células grandes associado ao implante mamário sete anos depois. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre uma abordagem multidisciplinar para essa condição.

Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: implications of germline mutation investigation for treatment, screening, and surveillance

ABSTRACT Objective Paraganglioma (PGL) and pheochromocytoma (PCC) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that were considered to be predominantly sporadic. However, with the identification of novel susceptibility genes over the last decade, it is currently estimated that up to 40% of cases can occur in the context of a hereditary syndrome. We aimed to characterize PGL/PCC families to exemplify the different scenarios in which hereditary syndromes can be suspected and to emphasize the importance for patients and their families of making an opportune genetic diagnosis. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with PGL/PCC. Germline mutations were studied using next-generation sequencing panels including SDHA, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD. Clinical data were collected from clinical records, and all patients received genetic counseling. Results We describe 4 families with PGL/PCC and germline mutations in SDH complex genes. 2 families have SDHB mutations and 2 SDHD mutations. The clinical presentation of the patients and their families was heterogeneous, with some being atypical according to the literature. Conclusions PGL/PCC are more commonly associated with a germline mutation than any other cancer type, therefore, all individuals with these types of tumors should undergo genetic risk evaluation. NGS multigene panel testing is a cost-effective approach given the overlapping phenotypes. Individuals with germline mutations associated with PGL/PCC should undergo lifelong clinical, biochemical and imaging surveillance and their families should undergo genetic counseling. For all these reasons, it is critical that all medical staff can suspect and diagnose these inherited cancer predisposition syndromes.

Caracterização clínica e histopatológica da síndrome de Li-Fraumeni e síndrome Li-Fraumeni like em pacientes brasileiros / Clinical and histopathologic characterization of Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Li-Fraumeni like syndrome in Brazilian patients

INTRODUÇÃO: a Síndrome de Li-Fraumeni (LFS; OMIM#151623) é uma síndrome rara de predisposição hereditária ao câncer, de caráter autossômico dominante e de alta penetrância, relacionada a mutações germinativas no gene TP53. Os tumores típicos da LFS são sarcomas de partes moles e ósseos, leucemias, tumores do sistema nervoso central (SNC), tumores adrenocorticais e tumores de mama. No entanto, há uma variação no espectro tumoral de acordo com o genótipo. No Brasil, há uma alta prevalência da mutação germinativa p.R337H (presente em 0.3% da população do Sul e Sudeste) devido a um efeito fundador. O conhecimento do real espectro tumoral da síndrome associada a esta mutação fundadora ainda é objeto de discussão. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: foram avaliados dados clínicos, retrospectivamente, a partir de prontuários médicos, de 247 pacientes com LFS e LFS portadores de mutações germinativas no gene TP53, atendidos no Departamento de Oncogenética do A.C.Camargo Cancer Center de 2001 a 2015. As características dos tumores apresentados pelos pacientes portadores de mutação (espectro tumoral, idade do diagnóstico do primeiro tumor e dos tumores subsequentes, tipo histológico dos tumores) foram comparadas entre o grupo de portadores da mutação p.R337H e o grupo de pacientes com as demais mutações patogênicas no gene TP53. As taxas de frequência das mutações (p.R337H versus outras mutações), assim como sexo (masculino e feminino) foram correlacionados com o status de óbito, desenvolvimento ou não de câncer, a idade do diagnóstico do primeiro câncer, tempo do primeiro câncer até aparecimento do segundo câncer, através do teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Foi aplicado o Teste T para amostras independentes. O estimador de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log rank foram utilizados para avaliar a influência das variáveis nos tempos de sobrevida global, tempo de aparecimento do primeiro câncer e tempo do primeiro câncer até aparecimento do segundo câncer. RESULTADOS: de 247 portadores de LFS incluídos no estudo, 193 pacientes eram portadores da mutação p.R337H. Deste total de 193 portadores da mutação p.R337H, 101 pacientes apresentaram câncer (52.3%) e 23,8% dos pacientes com câncer tiveram dois ou mais tumores ao longo da vida; enquanto dos 54 pacientes portadores de outras mutações no gene TP53 (21.9% da população total), 39 pacientes tiveram câncer (72.2%), p=0.009. A idade média de diagnóstico do primeiro câncer nos portadores da mutação p.R337H foi de 30.8 anos, comparada a 28.9 anos nos portadores de outras mutações no gene TP53, p=0.604. nos portadores da mutação p.R337H, o primeiro tumor também ocorreu em idade mais precoce nas pacientes femininas (média de 34.7 anos versus 50.4 anos, p<0.001). Em relação ao espectro dos tumores p.R337H na nossa população, câncer de mama e sarcoma de partes moles foram os tumores mais frequentes, seguidos de carcinoma adrenocortical, perfazendo 70,5% dos tumores apresentados nesta população. Nos portadores de outras mutações no gene TP53 , câncer de mama, sarcoma de partes moles, tumor de sistema nervoso central e sarcoma ósseo corresponderam a 69.3% de todos os tumores observados. Nossos dados revelam uma alta frequência de carcinoma adrenocortical (21.5%), carcinoma papilífero de tireoide (6.8%), adenocarcinoma de pulmão (4.9%) e carcinoma renal (4.3%) nos portadores da mutação p.R337H. Interessantemente carcinoma colorretal foi observado apenas nos portadores de outras mutações não-p.R337H. O sarcoma de partes moles nos portadores p.R337H mais frequente foi o leiomiossarcoma e a idade média de diagnóstico foi 46.8 anos; nos portadores das outras mutações, rabdomiossarcoma e leiomiossarcoma foram os subtipos mais frequentes e a idade média do diagnóstico foi 24 anos (p=0.001). A idade média de diagnóstico de câncer de mama foi 42.8 anos nos portadores da mutação p.R337H e 37 anos nos portadores das demais mutações no gene TP53 (p=0.029). O câncer de mama nos portadores das outras mutações apresentavam hiperexpressão de HER2 em 62.5% dos casos, comparado a 19% nos tumores de mama das portadoras da mutação p.R337H. CONCLUSÕES: nossos dados mostram um espectro tumoral distinto para os portadores da LFS com a mutação p.R337H. Esses dados podem ajudar a estabelecer um programa de rastreamento para esses portadores diferente do preconizado para os portadores das demais mutações no gene TP53.

INTRODUCTION: Li Fraumeni syndrome (LFS, OMIM #151623) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder inherited by germline TP53 mutations. Carriers have a high lifetime risk of developing multiple early-onset childhood and adult cancers, including soft tissue and bone sarcomas, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, adrenocortical tumors (ACT), breast cancer and leucemia. However, tumor spectrum may have difference according to genotype. In Brazil, it is observed a high prevalence of a founder germline mutation p.R337H (present in 0.3% of the population in South and Southeast). The exact tumor profile associated to p.R337H carriers is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: we have analyzed medical records of a cohort of 247 germline TP53 mutation carriers, members of Brazilian families who fulfilled LFS/LFL clinical criteria, between 2001 and 2015 from the Oncogenetics Department at A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Clinical data were retrospectively evaluated and the tumor characteristics of carriers (tumor spectrum, age at diagnosis, histological subtype) were compared between p.R337H carriers and carriers of other mutations in TP53 gene. The mutation status (p.R337H and other mutations) and gender (male and female) were correlated with death rate, cancer risk, age at diagnosis of cancer, interval between the first and the second cancer diagnosis, using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. The T test was used for independent samples analysis. The Kaplan-Meier and log rank test were used to evaluate the influence of variables on overall survival, time and cancer the first time until onset of the second cancer. RESULTS: the study evaluated 247 patients with LFS, 193 patients had the mutation p.R337H. Among 193 p.R337H carriers, 101 patients had cancer (52.3%) and 23.8% of cancer-affected carriers had two or more tumors lifetime; whereas from 54 non-p.R337H mutation carriers, 39 patients were cancer-affected (72.2%), p = 0.009. The mean age at diagnosis of first cancer in p.R337H carriers was 30.8 years old (yo) compared to 28.9 yo in non-p.R337H mutation carriers, p = 0.604. In p.R337H patients, the first tumor occurred at an earlier age in female patients (mean age at 34.7 yo vs. 50.4 yo, p <0.001). Regarding the tumor spectrum in p.R337H carriers, breast cancer and soft tissue sarcoma were the most frequent tumors, followed by adrenocortical carcinoma (70.5% of the total of tumors). In non-p.R337H mutation carriers, breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, central nervous system tumor and bone sarcoma accounted for 69.3% of all tumors observed. Our results showed a high frequency of adrenocortical carcinoma (21.5%), papillary thyroid carcinoma (6.8%), lung adenocarcinoma (4.9%) and renal cell carcinoma (4.3%) in p.R337H patients. Interestingly, colorectal carcinoma was observed only in nonp.R337H mutation patients. Leiomyosarcoma was the most frequent sarcoma subtype in p.R337H carriers and the mean age at diagnosis was 46.8 yo; in non-p.R337H mutation patients, rhabdomyosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma were the most frequent subtypes and the mean age at diagnosis was 24 yo (p = 0.001). The mean age at diagnosis of breast cancer was 42.8 yo in p.R337H patients and 37 yo in non-p.R337H mutation patients (p = 0.029). The breast cancer in non-p.R337H mutation patients showed overexpression of HER2 in 62.5% of cases, compared to 19% in breast tumors from p.R337H carriers. CONCLUSIONS: our clinical cohort revealed a different tumor spectrum associated with p.R337H TP53 mutation. The major limitation in our study was the relatively small sample of nonp.R337H mutation carriers to compare with p.R337H carriers. Notwithstanding, our findings offer insight into exploring a distinct cancer screening protocol for p.R337H mutation carriers in Brazil.

Aortic dissection during antiangiogenic therapy with sunitinib. A case report / Dissecção de aorta em terapia anti-angiogênica com sunitinibe. Um relato de caso

CONTEXT: Sunitinib is an antiangiogenic drug that has been approved for treating metastatic renal cancer. Its action as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and other angiogenesis receptors may lead to adverse effects such as hypertension and heart failure. However, reports in the literature on an association between sunitinib therapy and acute aortic dissection are rare. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 68-year-old man with metastatic renal carcinoma who developed acute aortic dissection during sunitinib therapy. He had no history of hypertension or any other risk factor for aortic dissection. After aortic dissection had been diagnosed, sunitinib was withdrawn and an aortic endoprosthesis was placed. Afterwards, the patient was treated clinically with antihypertensive drugs and new therapy for renal cancer consisting of temsirolimus, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. CONCLUSION: Hypertension is a common event when antiangiogenic drugs are used in oncology. However, knowledge of other severe cardiovascular events that may occur in these patients, such as acute aortic dissection, is important. Adequate control over arterial pressure and frequent monitoring of patients during the first days of antiangiogenic therapy is essential for early diagnosis of possible adverse events. .

CONTEXTO: Sunitinibe é uma droga antiangiogênica aprovada para tratamento de câncer renal metastático. Sua ação como inibidor de tirosina quinase de receptores de fatores de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGFR) e de outros receptores de angiogênese pode levar a eventos adversos como hipertensão e insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, é escassa na literatura a associação da terapia com sunitinibe e dissecção aguda de aorta. RELATO DE CASO: Relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino de 68 anos com câncer renal metastático que desenvolveu dissecção aguda de aorta durante tratamento com sunitinibe. O paciente não tinha histórico prévio de hipertensão nem outro fator de risco para dissecção de aorta. Após diagnóstico da dissecção de aorta, a droga foi suspensa e o paciente foi submetido à colocação de endoprótese na aorta, evoluindo posteriormente com controle clínico da pressão arterial e nova terapia para câncer renal com tensirolimo, um inibidor da via proteína alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos (mTOR). CONCLUSÕES: A hipertensão é um evento comum com uso de drogas antiangiogênicas na oncologia. No entanto, é importante o conhecimento de outros eventos cardiovasculares graves, como dissecção aguda de aorta, que podem ocorrer nesses pacientes. Controle adequado da pressão arterial e monitorização frequente dos pacientes nos primeiros dias de terapia antiangiogênica são essenciais para diagnóstico precoce de possíveis eventos graves. .

Trombose venosa cerebral em paciente com câncer colorretal sob quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracil infusional (esquema de Gramont) associado a bevacizumabe / Cerebral vein thrombosis in colorectal cancer patient under chemotherapy with 5-FU de Gramont regimen plus bevacizumab

Introdução: A trombose venosa cerebral constitui entidade clínica rara, respondendo por menos de 1% dos casos de AVC. Está associada a trombofilias hereditárias, infecções parameníngeas, traumatismos, além de vasculites, câncer e a própria quimioterapia. Relato do caso: Paciente de 59 anos com adenocarcinoma colônico sob quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracil infusional (esquema de Gramont) associado a bevacizumabe apresentou quadro de tontura em desequilíbrio, déficit de força em membro inferior, cefaleia e convulsões, sendo constatada trombose venosa cerebral. Evoluiu com reversão total dos déficits neurológicos com anticoagulação. Conclusão: Enfatiza-se papel do câncer e da própria quimioterapia na etiopatogenia da trombose venosa cerebral em paciente sem aparente trombofilia hereditária e outros fatores tipicamente implicados na gênese desta rara condição.

Cetuximab desensitization protocol in two patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after grade 3 infusion reaction to cetuximab

Targeted monoclonal antibodies have become an important therapeutic option for patients with cancer. Cetuximab, a chimeric mouse-human (30:70) immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of head and neck and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Severe (grade 3/4) hypersensitivity-infusion reactions (HIRs) occur in 2-3% of the patients, with fatal outcomes in 0.1%. It is recommended that patients showing severe HIRs to cetuximab should avoid further exposure to it, but in some cases there is no alternative treatment. Two options are currently available for patients with HIRs to cetuximab: desensitization protocol and panitumumab. We describe here two patients with mCRC who successfully underwent a cetuximab desensitization protocol following a severe HIR to cetuximab.

Ameloblastoma: a case report

Ameloblastoma is a neoplasm arising from the epithelium involved with the formation of teeth. They are usually benign, locally aggressive and recurrent, however, metastases are rare. The treatment is not clearly defined and the main therapeutic tool is surgical intervention. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy have not been shown encouraging results. As there are few cases reported in the medical literature and the treatment is challenging, we reported a case of a 53-year-old woman with recurrentameloblastoma, with local and distant recurrence, that remains alive over 25 years from diagnosis.

Dermatomyositis related to a male germ cell carcinoma: a case report

Dermatomyositis is an autoimmune disorder that affects mainly muscles and skin. In some cases it may be associated to neoplasms occurring before the diagnosis of cancer. Its relation to germ cell tumor is not well documented, so we describe a case of a patient with history of muscle weakness and cutaneous rash that preceded cancer for 6 months. Dermatomyositis must remind of a possible occult neoplasm and its remission may follow the treatment of the tumor.

Efeitos do fator de crescimento de fibroblastos na cicatrizaçao da pele de ratos / Fibroblast growth factor effects on the rat skin healing

Nesse estudo, o fator de crescimento de fibroblasto basico (FCFb) foi aplicado sobre lesoes suturadas de pele de ratos, verificando-se seu papel na evolucao da cicatrizacao. foram usados 40 ratos Wistar, pesando 270ñ17g, separados em dois grupos. Observados em gaiolas individuais, com agua e alimento ad libitum. Apos anestesia com pentobarbital sodico 20mg/kg, por via intraperitoneal, foi feita lesao longitudinal de 5cm na pele do dorso dos animais e suturada com nylon 0000. No grupo A (n=20), foi feita aplicacao topica de GFCFb (10ng) em veiculo de 0,2 ml de colageno. No grupo B (n=20), foi aplicado o mesmo volume de solucao salina. Dez animais de cada grupo foram mortos no 7§ dia de observacao e os outros dez, no 21§ dia. segmento de pele, contendo lesao, foi ressecado para realizacao de teste de resistencia para exame histopatologico. Os resultados mostraram que as suturas do grupo A, apos 7 dias, apresentaram resistencia de 1.474,6ñ253gf e no grupo B, 928.2ñ83,9gf. Aos 21 dias, a resistencia foi de 2.375,85ñ344.7gf no grupo A e 1.386,4ñ249.7gf no grupo b. A diferenca mostrou-se significante aos 7 e 21 dias de observacao (p<0,0001). A densidade do colageno antingiu 31.158.52ñ7785.8 no grupo A, aos 7 dias, e 11.058,1ñ3.511,7 no grupo B (p<0,0001), enquanto aos 21 dias de observacao, a densidade foi de 96.620.9ñ15.947,7 no grupo A e 34.071,3ñ8.221,6 no grupo B (p<0,0001). Conclui-se que o FCFb, quando aplicado em lesoes suturadoas de pele de ratos, aumenta a resistencia a tensao e a densidade do colageno